![]() ![]() For example, in the United States, critics of the War on Drugs waged by the government have been very vocal about the ineffectiveness of the policy, citing an increase in drug-related crimes and overdoses since President Nixon first introduced this policy. However, many studies have concluded that these efforts are in vain, as the drug market has grown in such nations despite anti-drug policies. Acceptance of harsher policing tactics grows as well, as an any means necessary philosophy develops within the law enforcement community and the militarization of local police forces. Law enforcement agencies expand and receive more funding to attack drug problems in communities. Changes to address these issues encompass education, bureaucracy, and, most notably, law enforcement policy and tactics. In nations with a reputation for having a high number of drug-related issues, including gang violence, drug trafficking, and overdose deaths, one common solution that government will enact is a collective campaign against drugs that spans the entirety of the state's establishment. Additionally, social issues like racial discrimination and poverty can exacerbate the brutality and its effects on marginalized communities. Governments enacting hard on crime policies, poor police training, and a lack of legal repercussions for officers who use excessive force against civilians all increase the likelihood of police brutality occurring. The persistence of police brutality in many nations can be linked to a collective failure of the criminal justice system. Protest against police brutality after the eviction of unemployed demonstrators occupying the Post Office in Vancouver, Canada, 1938 What the average citizen thinks of when he hears the term, however, is something midway between these two occurrences, something more akin to what the police profession knows as "alley court"-the wanton vicious beating of a person in custody, usually while handcuffed, and usually taking place somewhere between the scene of the arrest and the station house. When used in print or as the battle cry in a black power rally, police brutality can by implication cover several practices, from calling a citizen by his or her first name to death by a policeman's bullet. In the United States, it is common for marginalized groups to perceive the police as oppressors, rather than protectors or enforcers of the law, due to the statistically disproportionate number of minority incarcerations. ![]() The first use of the term in the American press was in 1872 when the Chicago Tribune reported the beating of a civilian who was under arrest at the Harrison Street Police Station. And police brutality is becoming one of our most "venerated institutions!" Boys are bruised by their ferocity, women insulted by their ruffianism and that which brutality has done, perjury denies, and magisterial stupidity suffers to go unpunished. Scarcely a week passes without their committing some offence which disgusts everybody but the magistrates. The term "police brutality" was first used in Britain in the mid-19th century, by The Puppet-Show magazine(a short-lived rival to Punch) in September 1848, when they wrote: Early records suggest that labor strikes were the first large-scale incidents of police brutality in the United States, including events like the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, the Pullman Strike of 1894, the 1912 Lawrence textile strike, the Ludlow massacre of 1914, the Great Steel Strike of 1919, and the Hanapepe massacre of 1924. By the 19th and early 20th centuries, many nations had established modern police departments. The origin of modern policing can be traced back to the 18th century in France. Nine police officers subduing a member of the public in Egypt ![]()
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